Ibisobanuro no gutondekanya plastiki yangirika

Kugeza ubu, dukoresha ibikoresho byoroshye byo gupakira ibikoresho fatizo, ahanini ni ibikoresho bitangirika. Nubwo ibihugu byinshi ninganda byiyemeje guteza imbere ibikoresho byangirika, ariko ibikoresho byangirika bishobora gukoreshwa mubipfunyika byoroshye ntabwo byasimbuwe numusaruro munini. Kubera ko igihugu kigenda cyita ku kurengera ibidukikije, intara n’imijyi myinshi byatanze urugero rwa plastike cyangwa no mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw '“amategeko abuza plastike. Kubwibyo, kubucuruzi bworoshye bwo gupakira ibintu, gusobanukirwa neza ibikoresho byangirika, ni ugukoresha neza ibikoresho byangirika, kugirango ugere ku cyatsi kibisi kirambye.

Kwangirika kwa plastike bivuga ibidukikije (ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, ubushuhe, ogisijeni, nibindi), imiterere yabyo ifite impinduka zikomeye, inzira yo gutakaza imikorere.

Inzira yo kwangirika yibasiwe nibintu byinshi bidukikije. Ukurikije uburyo bwayo bwo kwangirika, plastiki yangirika irashobora kugabanywamo plastiki ishobora kwangirika, plastiki ibora, ibinyabuzima byangiza, hamwe na plastiki yangiza. Amashanyarazi ya biodegradable arashobora kugabanywamo plastike yuzuye ya biodegradable na plastiki ya biodestructive yuzuye.

1. Amashanyarazi ya plastike

Amashanyarazi ya Photodegradable yerekana ibintu bya plastiki mumirasire yizuba yamenetse yangirika, kugirango ibikoresho mumirasire yizuba nyuma yigihe runaka kugirango bitakaze imbaraga za mashini, bihinduke ifu, bimwe bishobora gukomeza kwangirika kwa mikorobe, mukuzenguruka kw ibidukikije. Mu yandi magambo, nyuma yurunigi rwa molekuline ya plastike ishobora kwangizwa nuburyo bwa fotokome, plastike izabura imbaraga zayo no kuyishiramo, hanyuma ihinduke ifu binyuze mu kwangirika kwa kamere, yinjira mu butaka, hanyuma yongere kwinjira mu binyabuzima munsi igikorwa cya mikorobe.

2. Amashanyarazi ya biodegradable

Ibinyabuzima bisobanurwa muri rusange nka: biodegradation bivuga inzira yo guhindura imiti ivanze hakoreshejwe ibikorwa byimisemburo y’ibinyabuzima cyangwa iyangirika ry’imiti ikorwa na mikorobe. Muri ubu buryo, gufotora, hydrolysis, kwangirika kwa okiside hamwe nibindi bitekerezo nabyo bishobora kubaho.

Uburyo bwa pulasitiki ibora ni: na bagiteri cyangwa hydrolase polymer ibikoresho bya karuboni ya dioxyde, metani, amazi, imyunyu ngugu ya minisiteri na plastiki nshya. Mu yandi magambo, plastiki ibinyabuzima ishobora kwangirika ni plastiki itesha agaciro ibikorwa bya mikorobe isanzwe ibaho nka bagiteri, ibibyimba (fungi) na algae.

Ikintu cyiza cya plastiki kibora ni ubwoko bwibikoresho bya polymer bifite imikorere myiza, bishobora kubora burundu na mikorobe y’ibidukikije hanyuma amaherezo bigahinduka igice cyizunguruka muri kamere. Nukuvuga ko kubora murwego rukurikira rwa molekile birashobora gukomeza kubora cyangwa kwinjizwa na bagiteri karemano, nibindi.

Ihame rya biodegradation igabanyijemo ibyiciro bibiri: icya mbere, habaho kwangirika kwa biofiziki, mugihe igitero cya mikorobe nyuma yo gutwarwa nibikoresho bya polymer, kubera imikurire yibinyabuzima yoroheje yakozwe na polymer hydrolysis, ionisation cyangwa proton hanyuma igabanywamo ibice bya oligomer, molekile imiterere ya polymer ntigihinduka, imikorere ya polymer biofiziki yimikorere yo gutesha agaciro. Ubwoko bwa kabiri ni iyangirika ryibinyabuzima, kubera ibikorwa bitaziguye bya mikorobe cyangwa imisemburo, kwangirika kwa polymer cyangwa kwangirika kwa okiside muri molekile nto, kugeza igihe amaherezo ya dioxyde de carbone n’amazi, ubu buryo bwo kwangirika ni uburyo bwo kwangiza ibinyabuzima.

2. Kwangirika kw'ibinyabuzima bya plastiki

Ibinyabuzima byangiza byangiza ibinyabuzima, bizwi kandi nka plastiki yo gusenyuka, ni uburyo bukomatanyije bwa polymers biodegradable na plastiki rusange, nka krahisi na polyolefine, bihujwe mu buryo runaka kandi ntibwangiritse rwose mu bidukikije kandi bishobora guteza umwanda wa kabiri.

3. Byuzuye plastike ibinyabuzima

Nk’uko inkomoko yabyo ibivuga, hari ubwoko butatu bwa plastiki yuzuye ibinyabuzima: polymer nibiyikomokaho, mikorobe ya sintetike ya mikorobe na polymer syntique. Kugeza ubu, plastike ya krahisi niyo ikoreshwa cyane muburyo bworoshye bwo gupakira.

4. Plastiki ya biodegradable naturel

Ibinyabuzima bisanzwe byangiza ibinyabuzima bivuga plastiki karemano ya polymer, ni ibikoresho byangiza umubiri byateguwe mubikoresho bya polymer bisanzwe nka krahisi, selile, chitine na proteyine. Ubu bwoko bwibikoresho biva ahantu hatandukanye, birashobora kubora rwose, kandi ibicuruzwa bifite umutekano kandi ntabwo ari uburozi.

Dushingiye ku gutesha agaciro inzira zitandukanye, kimwe no mu bice bitandukanye byifuzo, ubu dukeneye umwirondoro wabakiriya wibikoresho byangirika ni ugutesha agaciro rwose, kwangirika no kumena imyanda cyangwa ifumbire mvaruganda, bisaba kwangirika kwa plastiki bihari kubikoresho nka dioxyde de carbone, amazi hamwe nu myunyu ngugu yumunyu ngugu, irashobora kwinjizwa byoroshye na kamere cyangwa kongera gukoreshwa na kamere.