Okwangoku sisebenzisa izinto eziguquguqukayo zokupakishwa kwefilim, ngokusisiseko zezemathiriyeli ezingenakonakala. Nangona amazwe amaninzi kunye namashishini azibophelele ekuphuhliseni izinto ezinokonakala, kodwa izinto ezinokonakala ezingasetyenziselwa ukupakishwa okuguquguqukayo azikatshintshwa yimveliso enkulu. Ngenxa yokwanda kwengqalelo yelizwe ekukhuseleni imekobume, amaphondo nezixeko ezininzi ziye zamisela umda weplastiki okanye kwanakweminye imimandla “yemithetho yeplastiki evaliweyo. Ke ngoko, kumashishini okupakisha aguquguqukayo, ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo kwezixhobo ezonakeleyo, kukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwezixhobo ezonakeleyo, ukufezekisa indawo yokupakisha ezinzileyo.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kweplastiki kubhekisela kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo (ubushushu, umswakama, umswakama, i-oksijini, njl.), Ukwakhiwa kwayo kunotshintsho oluphawulekayo, inkqubo yokulahlekelwa komsebenzi.
Inkqubo yokwehlisa umgangatho ichatshazelwa yimiba emininzi yokusingqongileyo. Ngokwendlela yokuthotywa kwayo, iiplastiki ezonakeleyo zinokwahlulwa zibe ziiplastiki ezinokonakala, iiplastiki ezinokonakala ngebhayoloji, iiplastiki ezinokonakala ngefoto kunye neeplastiki ezinokonakala. Iiplastiki ezingonakaliswa ngebhayoloji zinokohlulwa zibe ziiplastiki eziphelelisiweyo ezinokubola kunye neeplastiki ezitshabalalisayo ezingaphelelanga.
1. Iiplastiki ezinokufotwa
iplastiki Photodegradable ibhekisela imathiriyeli zeplastiki ekukhanyeni kwelanga ukuqhekeka reaction ukubola, ukuze izinto elangeni emva kwexesha ukulahlekelwa amandla oomatshini, babe ngumgubo, abanye banokuba ngakumbi ukubola microbial, kumjikelo yendalo yendalo. Ngamanye amazwi, emva kokuba ikhonkco lemolekyuli yeplastiki enokuthotywa itshatyalaliswe yindlela yefotochemical, iplastiki iya kuphulukana namandla ayo kunye ne-embrittlement, emva koko ibe ngumgubo ngokutya kwendalo, ingene emhlabeni, kwaye iphinde ingene kumjikelo webhayoloji phantsi. isenzo se-microorganisms.
2. Iiplastiki zeBiodegradable
I-Biodegradation ngokuqhelekileyo ichazwa njenge: i-biodegradation ibhekiselele kwinkqubo yokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali zeekhompawundi ngesenzo se-enzymes yebhayoloji okanye ukuthotywa kweekhemikhali eziveliswa yi-microorganisms. Kule nkqubo, i-photodegradation, i-hydrolysis, i-oxidative degradation kunye nezinye iimpendulo zinokuthi zenzeke.
I-biodegradable plastic mechanism: ngebhaktheriya okanye i-hydrolase polymer material kwi-carbon dioxide, i-methane, amanzi, iityuwa ze-mineralized inorganic kunye neeplastiki ezintsha. Ngamanye amazwi, iiplastiki ezibolayo (biodegradable) ziiplastiki ezithob’ isidima ngesenzo se-microorganisms ezenzeka ngokwendalo ezifana neebhaktheriya, ukungunda (umngundo) kunye ne-algae.
Iplastiki efanelekileyo ye-biodegradable luhlobo lwezinto zepolymer ezinomsebenzi ogqwesileyo, ezinokuthi ziboliswe ngokupheleleyo yi-microorganisms zendalo kwaye ekugqibeleni zibe yinxalenye yomjikelezo wekhabhoni kwindalo. Oko kukuthi, ukubola kwinqanaba elilandelayo leamolekyu kunokuphinda kuhlanjululwe okanye kufakwe kwiibhaktheriya zendalo, njl.
Umgaqo biodegradation yahlulwe kwiindidi ezimbini: okokuqala, kukho ukuthotywa biophysical, xa microbial uhlaselo emva kokukhukuliseka kwemathiriyeli yepolymer, ngenxa yokukhula kwebhayoloji obhityileyo wenza amacandelo polymer hydrolysis, ionization okanye protons kwaye yahlukana ibe iziqwenga oligomer, imolekyuli. Ubume bepolymer ayitshintshi, umsebenzi wepolymer biophysical wenkqubo yokuthotywa. Uhlobo lwesibini luyi-biochemical degradation, ngenxa yesenzo esithe ngqo se-microorganisms okanye i-enzymes, i-polymer decomposition okanye i-oxidative degradation ibe ngama-molecule amancinci, de kube ukuchithwa kokugqibela kwe-carbon dioxide kunye namanzi, le ndlela yokunciphisa imo ye-biochemical degradation mode.
2. Ukonakaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo zeplastiki
Iiplastiki zeBiodestructive degradable, ezikwabizwa ngokuba yiplastiki yokuwa, yinkqubo ehlanganisiweyo yeepolymers eziphilayo kunye neeplastiki eziqhelekileyo, ezifana nesitashi kunye ne-polyolefin, ezidityaniswe ngendlela ethile kwaye azithotywanga ngokupheleleyo kwindawo yendalo kwaye zingabangela ungcoliseko lwesibini.
3. Iiplastiki ezinokubola ngokupheleleyo
Ngokutsho kwemithombo yazo, kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeeplastiki ezinokubola ngokupheleleyo: i-polymer kunye ne-derivatives yayo, i-microbial synthetic polymer kunye ne-chemical synthetic polymer. Okwangoku, iplastikhi yesitatshi yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwikhompawundi eguquguqukayo yokupakishwa.
4. Iiplastiki zendalo ezibolayo
Iiplastiki zendalo ze-biodegradable zibhekiselele kwiiplastiki zepolymer zendalo, ezizizixhobo ezinokuguquguquka kwezinto eziphilayo ezilungiselelwe kwizinto zendalo zepolymer ezifana nestatshi, i-cellulose, i-chitin kunye neprotheni. Olu hlobo lwemathiriyeli luvela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, lunokonakala ngokupheleleyo, kwaye imveliso ikhuselekile kwaye ayinayo ityhefu.
Ngokusekelwe ukuthotywa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ngokunjalo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo isicelo, ngoku sifuna isazisi umxhasi izinto biodegradable ngokupheleleyo ukuthotywa, ukuthotywa kunye netiphu okanye umgquba, zifuna ekhoyo izinto zeplastiki ukuthotywa izinto ezifana carbon dioxide, amanzi. kunye neetyuwa ze-mineralized inorganic, zinokufunxwa lula yindalo okanye zisetyenziswe kwakhona ngokwendalo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-14-2022