Izinto zePolymer ngoku zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso ephezulu, ulwazi lwe-elektroniki, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa kwamandla okwakhiwa, i-aerospace, ukukhusela ilizwe kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezintle ezifana nobunzima bokukhanya, amandla aphezulu, ukuxhathisa ubushushu kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola. Oku akuboneleli kuphela indawo yemarike ebanzi kushishino olutsha lwepolymer, kodwa lubeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu zokusebenza komgangatho walo, umgangatho wokuthembeka kunye nokukwazi ukuqinisekisa.
Ke ngoko, indlela yokwandisa umsebenzi weemveliso zepolymer ngokuhambelana nomgaqo wokonga amandla, ikhabhoni ephantsi kunye nophuhliso lwendalo lufumana ingqalelo ngakumbi nangakumbi. Kwaye ukuguga yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukuthembeka kunye nokuqina kwezixhobo zepolymer.
Emva koko, siza kujonga ukuba yintoni ukuguga kwezixhobo zepolymer, iintlobo zokuguga, izinto ezibangela ukuguga, iindlela eziphambili zokulwa nokuguga kunye nokuchasana nokuguga kweeplastiki ezintlanu jikelele.
A. Ukuguga kweplastiki
Iimpawu zesakhiwo kunye nesimo somzimba wezinto zepolymer ngokwazo kunye nezinto zazo zangaphandle ezifana nobushushu, ukukhanya, ioksijini eshushu, i-ozone, amanzi, i-asidi, i-alkali, iibhaktheriya kunye nee-enzymes kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa zibenza baxhomekeke ekuthotyweni okanye ilahleko kwinkqubo. yesicelo.
Oku akubangeli kuphela inkcitho yemithombo, kwaye kunokubangela iingozi ezinkulu ngenxa yokusilela kwayo ekusebenzeni, kodwa nokubola kwezinto ezibangelwa kukwaluphala kwayo kunokungcolisa imo engqongileyo.
Ukuguga kwezixhobo zepolymer kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele iintlekele ezinkulu kunye nelahleko engenakulungiseka.
Ke ngoko, ukuchasana nokuguga kwezixhobo zepolymer kube yingxaki ekufuneka isombululwe yishishini lepolymer.
B. Iintlobo zokuguga kwezinto zepolymer
Kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo zokuguga kunye neempawu ngenxa yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zepolymer kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa. Ngokubanzi, ukuguga kwezixhobo zepolymer kungahlelwa kwezi ntlobo zine zilandelayo zotshintsho.
01 Utshintsho kwinkangeleko
Amabala, amabala, imigca yesilivere, iintanda, iqabaka, ukutshotshoka, ukuncamathela, ukujikajika, amehlo entlanzi, ukushwabana, ukushwabana, ukutshisa, ukugqwetheka kwamehlo kunye nokutshintsha kombala obonakalayo.
02 Utshintsho kwiimpawu zomzimba
Kubandakanya ukunyibilika, ukudumba, iipropathi zerheological kunye nokutshintsha kokumelana nokubanda, ukumelana nobushushu, ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi, ukunyanzeliswa komoya kunye nezinye iipropathi.
03 Utshintsho kwiimpawu zoomatshini
Utshintsho kumandla okuqina, amandla okugoba, ukomelela kokucheba, amandla empembelelo, ubude obunxulumeneyo, ukuphumla koxinzelelo kunye nezinye iipropathi.
04 Utshintsho kwiimpawu zombane
Njengokumelana nomphezulu, ukumelana nomthamo, ukungaguquguquki kwe-dielectric, amandla okuqhekeka kombane kunye nolunye utshintsho.
C. Uhlalutyo lweMicroscopic yokuguga kwezinto zepolymer
Iipolymers zenza imo echulumancisayo yeemolekyuli kubukho bobushushu okanye ukukhanya, kwaye xa amandla ephakamile ngokwaneleyo, amatsheyina emolekyuli ayaqhawuka enze iiradicals zasimahla, ezinokuthi zenze iintshukumo zekhonkco ngaphakathi kwepolymer kwaye ziqhubeke nokuqalisa ukuwohloka kwaye zinokubangela ukuwela- ukudibanisa.
Ukuba i-oksijini okanye i-ozone ikhona kwindawo engqongileyo, uchungechunge lweempendulo ze-oxidation nazo zinyanzeliswa, zenza i-hydroperoxides (ROOH) kwaye iqhube ukubola ibe ngamaqela e-carbonyl.
Ukuba i-ion yentsimbi ye-catalyst eseleyo ikhona kwi-polymer, okanye ukuba i-ion zetsimbi ezifana nobhedu, isinyithi, i-manganese kunye ne-cobalt zingeniswa ngexesha lokucubungula okanye ukusetyenziswa, ukuphendulwa kwe-oxidative degradation ye-polymer kuya kukhawuleziswa.
D. Indlela ephambili yokuphucula ukusebenza kokuchasana nokuguga
Okwangoku, kukho iindlela ezine eziphambili zokuphucula kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza okuchasene nokuguga kwezixhobo zepolymer ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.
01 Ukhuseleko lomzimba (ukutyeba, ukupeyinta, ikhompawundi yomaleko wangaphandle, njl.njl.)
Ukuguga kwezixhobo ze-polymer, ngakumbi ukuguga kwe-photo-oxidative, iqala ukusuka kumphezulu wezinto okanye iimveliso, ezibonakaliswa njenge-discoloration, i-chalking, i-crack, i-gloss iyancipha, njl., kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ingena nzulu ngaphakathi. Iimveliso ezibhityileyo zinokusilela kwangethuba kuneemveliso ezishinyeneyo, ngoko ke ubomi benkonzo yeemveliso bunokwandiswa ngokujiya iimveliso.
Kwiimveliso ezithanda ukuguga, umaleko wokugquma kwemozulu ungasetyenziswa okanye ugqunywe phezu komhlaba, okanye umaleko wezinto ezikwazi ukumelana nemozulu unokudityaniswa kumgangatho wangaphandle weemveliso, ukuze kuncanyathiselwe umaleko okhuselayo. umphezulu weemveliso ukuthothisa inkqubo yokuguga.
02 Ukuphuculwa kobugcisa bokusebenza
Izinto ezininzi kwi-synthesis okanye inkqubo yokulungiselela, kukho kwakhona ingxaki yokuguga. Ngokomzekelo, impembelelo yobushushu ngexesha le-polymerization, ukuguga kwe-thermal kunye ne-oksijini ngexesha lokucubungula, njl. Emva koko, impembelelo ye-oksijini inokuncitshiswa ngokungongeza i-deaerating device okanye i-vacuum device ngexesha le-polymerization okanye ukulungiswa.
Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela inokuqinisekisa kuphela ukusebenza kwezinto eziphathekayo kwifektri, kwaye le ndlela inokuphunyezwa kuphela kumthombo wokulungiswa kwezinto, kwaye ayikwazi ukucombulula ingxaki yokuguga ngexesha lokuhlaziya kunye nokusetyenziswa.
03 Uyilo lwesakhiwo okanye ukuguqulwa kwezinto
Izinto ezininzi ze-macromolecule zinamaqela okuguga kwisakhiwo se-molecular, ngoko ke ngokuyila i-molecular structure yezinto eziphathekayo, ukutshintshwa kwamaqela aguga kunye namaqela angaguga adla ngokudlala umphumo omhle.
04 Ukongeza izongezo ezichasene nokuguga
Okwangoku, indlela esebenzayo kunye nendlela eqhelekileyo yokuphucula ukumelana nokuguga kwezinto zepolymer kukongeza izongezo ezichasene nokuguga, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yeendleko eziphantsi kwaye akukho mfuneko yokutshintsha inkqubo ekhoyo yokuvelisa. Zimbini iindlela eziphambili zokongeza ezi zongezo ezichasene nokuguga.
Izongezo ezichasayo (umgubo okanye ulwelo) kunye nentlaka kunye nezinye izinto ezikrwada zixutywe ngokuthe ngqo kwaye zixutywe emva kwegranulation ye-extrusion okanye isitofu sokubumba, njl. izityalo zokubumba isitofu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-26-2022