Njengamanje sisebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa zefilimu zokupakisha eziguquguqukayo, ngokuyisisekelo ezezinto ezingaboli. Nakuba amazwe amaningi kanye namabhizinisi ezibophezele ekuthuthukiseni izinto eziwohlokayo, kodwa izinto eziwohlokayo ezingase zisetshenziselwe ukupakisha okuguquguqukayo azikakathathelwa indawo ukukhiqizwa okukhulu. Ngokunaka okwandayo kwezwe ekuvikelweni kwemvelo, izifundazwe eziningi namadolobha asekhiphe umkhawulo wepulasitiki noma kwezinye izindawo “zemithetho yepulasitiki evinjelwe. Ngakho-ke, emabhizinisini okupakisha aguquguqukayo, ukuqonda okulungile kwezinto eziwohlokayo, ukusetshenziswa okuhle kwezinto eziwohlokayo, ukufeza isisekelo sokupakisha esimeme esiluhlaza.
Ukuwohloka kwepulasitiki kubhekisela ezimweni zemvelo (izinga lokushisa, umswakama, umswakama, umoya-mpilo, njll.), Ukwakheka kwayo kunezinguquko eziphawulekayo, inqubo yokulahlekelwa kokusebenza.
Inqubo yokucekelwa phansi ithintwa izinto eziningi zemvelo. Ngokwendlela yawo yokucekela phansi, amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo angahlukaniswa abe amapulasitiki abolayo, amapulasitiki abolayo, amapulasitiki abolayo nezithombe namapulasitiki awonakaliswa ngamakhemikhali. Amapulasitiki abolayo angahlukaniswa abe amapulasitiki abolayo aphelele kanye namapulasitiki abhubhisayo angaphelele.
1. Amapulasitiki abolayo
Ipulasitiki Photodegradable libhekisela impahla plastic ekukhanyeni kwelanga ukuqhekeka ukubola ukusabela, ukuze impahla elangeni ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ukulahlekelwa amandla mechanical, babe powder, abanye kungaba okunye ukubola microbial, singene umjikelezo yemvelo kwemvelo. Ngamanye amazwi, ngemva kokuba iketango lamangqamuzana epulasitiki ekwazi ukubola licekelwe phansi yindlela ye-photochemical, ipulasitiki izolahlekelwa amandla ayo kanye nokuqina kwayo, bese iba yimpushana ngokugqwala kwemvelo, ingene enhlabathini, futhi iphinde ingene emjikelezweni webhayoloji ngaphansi. isenzo sama-microorganisms.
2. Amapulasitiki angaboli
I-Biodegradation ngokuvamile ichazwa ngokuthi: i-biodegradation ibhekisela ohlelweni lokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali ezinhlanganisela ngesenzo sama-enzyme e-biological noma ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali akhiqizwa ama-microorganisms. Kule nqubo, ukuchithwa kwezithombe, i-hydrolysis, ukuwohloka kwe-oxidative nokunye ukusabela kungase kwenzeke.
I-biodegradable plastic mechanism yilena: ngamabhaktheriya noma i-hydrolase polymer material ibe yi-carbon dioxide, i-methane, amanzi, usawoti we-mineralized inorganic kanye namapulasitiki amasha. Ngamanye amazwi, amapulasitiki abolayo angamapulasitiki awonakala ngesenzo samagciwane avela ngokwemvelo njengamabhaktheriya, isikhunta (isikhunta) kanye nolwelwe.
Ipulasitiki ekahle ebolayo iwuhlobo lwe-polymer esebenza kahle kakhulu, engaboliswa ngokuphelele ama-microorganisms emvelo futhi ekugcineni ibe yingxenye yomjikelezo wekhabhoni emvelweni. Okusho ukuthi, ukubola ezingeni elilandelayo lama-molecule kungaqhubeka nokubola noma ukumuncwa amagciwane emvelo, njll.
Isimiso se-biodegradation sihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: okokuqala, kukhona ukuwohloka kwe-biophysical, lapho ukuhlaselwa kwe-microbial ngemva kokuguguleka kwezinto ze-polymer, ngenxa yokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo ezincane ezenziwe izingxenye ze-polymer i-hydrolysis, i-ionization noma i-proton futhi ihlukaniswe izingcezu ze-oligomer, i-molecular. Ukwakheka kwe-polymer akuguquki, umsebenzi we-polymer biophysical wenqubo yokuwohloka. Uhlobo lwesibili ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, ngenxa yesenzo esiqondile sama-microorganisms noma ama-enzyme, ukubola kwe-polymer noma ukuwohloka kwe-oxidative kuma-molecule amancane, kuze kube yilapho ukubola kokugcina kwe-carbon dioxide namanzi, le ndlela yokuwohloka ingokwemodi yokuwohloka kwe-biochemical.
2. Ukucekelwa phansi kwe-biodestructive kwepulasitiki
Amapulasitiki awonakaliswa nge-biodestructive, awaziwa nangokuthi amapulasitiki abhidlikayo, awuhlelo oluyinhlanganisela lwama-polymers abolayo kanye namapulasitiki ajwayelekile, njengesitashi ne-polyolefin, ahlanganiswe ngendlela ethile futhi awawonakali ngokuphelele endaweni yemvelo futhi angase abangele ukungcola kwesibili.
3. Amapulasitiki abolayo ngokuphelele
Ngokusho kwemithombo yabo, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamapulasitiki abolayo ngokuphelele: i-polymer kanye nokuphuma kwayo, i-microbial synthetic polymer kanye ne-chemical synthetic polymer. Njengamanje, ipulasitiki yesitashi iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni okuvumelana nezimo.
4. Amapulasitiki emvelo abolayo
Amapulasitiki emvelo abolayo abhekisela kumapulasitiki emvelo e-polymer, okuyizinto ezibolayo ezilungiselelwe ngezinto ze-polymer zemvelo ezifana nesitashi, i-cellulose, i-chitin namaprotheni. Lolu hlobo lwempahla luvela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, lungabola ngokuphelele, futhi umkhiqizo uphephile futhi awunabo ubuthi.
Ngokusekelwe ukucekelwa phansi izindlela ezahlukene, kanye ezingxenyeni ezahlukene isicelo, manje sidinga ikhasimende ubunikazi izinto biodegradable ukucekela phansi ngokuphelele, ukucekelwa phansi kanye nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu noma umquba, zidinga ekhona plastic ukucekelwa phansi izinto ezifana carbon dioxide, amanzi. nosawoti wezinto ezingaphili owenziwe ngamaminerali, ungamuncwa kalula ngokwemvelo noma ugaywe kabusha ngokwemvelo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-14-2022