Izinto ze-polymer manje sezisetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni okuphezulu, ulwazi lwe-elekthronikhi, ezokuthutha, ukonga amandla okwakha, i-aerospace, ukuvikela izwe kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo ezinhle kakhulu ezifana nesisindo sokukhanya, amandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokushisa nokumelana nokugqwala. Lokhu akuhlinzeki nje kuphela ngesikhala semakethe esibanzi semboni entsha yezinto ze-polymer, kodwa futhi kubeka phambili izidingo eziphakeme zokusebenza kwekhwalithi yayo, izinga lokwethembeka namandla esiqinisekiso.
Ngakho-ke, indlela yokukhulisa umsebenzi wemikhiqizo ye-polymer ngokuhambisana nomgomo wokonga amandla, ikhabhoni ephansi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kuthola ukunakwa okwengeziwe. Futhi ukuguga kuyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukuthembeka nokuqina kwezinto ze-polymer.
Okulandelayo, sizobheka ukuthi kuyini ukuguga kwezinto ze-polymer, izinhlobo zokuguga, izici ezibangela ukuguga, izindlela eziyinhloko zokulwa nokuguga kanye nokulwa nokuguga kwamapulasitiki amahlanu jikelele.
A. Ukuguga kwepulasitiki
Izici zesakhiwo nesimo somzimba sezinto ze-polymer ngokwazo kanye nezici zazo zangaphandle ezifana nokushisa, ukukhanya, umoya-mpilo oshisayo, i-ozone, amanzi, i-asidi, i-alkali, amabhaktheriya nama-enzyme ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kuwenza abe ngaphansi kokuwohloka noma ukulahlekelwa ekusebenzeni. kwesicelo.
Lokhu akubangeli nje ukumoshwa kwezinsiza kuphela, futhi kungase kubangele ngisho nezingozi ezinkulu ngenxa yokwehluleka kwayo ukusebenza, kodwa futhi ukubola kwezinto ezibangelwa ukuguga kungase futhi kungcolise imvelo.
Ukuguga kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-polymer ekusetshenzisweni kungase kubangele izinhlekelele ezinkulu nokulahlekelwa okungenakulungiseka.
Ngakho-ke, ukulwa nokuguga kwezinto ze-polymer sekuyinkinga okufanele imboni ye-polymer ixazulule.
B. Izinhlobo zokuguga kwezinto ze-polymer
Kunezimo ezihlukene zokuguga nezici ngenxa yezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-polymer nezimo ezihlukene zokusebenzisa. Ngokuvamile, ukuguga kwezinto ze-polymer kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezine ezilandelayo zezinguquko.
01 Izinguquko ekubukekeni
Amabala, amabala, imigqa esiliva, imifantu, isithwathwa, ukuchaki, ukunamathela, ukujikajika, amehlo ezinhlanzi, ukushwabana, ukushwabana, ukuhangula, ukuhlanekezela nokushintsha kombala obonakalayo.
02 Izinguquko zezakhiwo ezibonakalayo
Kubandakanya ukuncibilika, ukuvuvukala, izakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nezinguquko zokumelana nokubanda, ukumelana nokushisa, ukungena kwamanzi, ukungena komoya nezinye izakhiwo.
03 Izinguquko kuzakhiwo zemishini
Izinguquko emandleni aqinile, amandla okugoba, amandla okugunda, amandla omthelela, ubude obuhlobene, ukuphumula kwengcindezi nezinye izici.
04 Izinguquko kuzakhiwo zikagesi
Njengokumelana nendawo, ukumelana nevolumu, ukungaguquki kwe-dielectric, amandla okuwohloka kukagesi nezinye izinguquko.
C. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Microscopic yokuguga kwezinto ze-polymer
Ama-polymers akha izimo ezijabulisayo zama-molecule lapho kukhona ukushisa noma ukukhanya, futhi lapho amandla esephakeme ngokwanele, amaketanga e-molecular ayaphuka ukuze akhe ama-radicals mahhala, angakha ukusabela kweketanga ngaphakathi kwe-polymer futhi aqhubeke nokuqala ukuwohloka futhi angase abangele ukuwela- ukuxhumanisa.
Uma i-oxygen noma i-ozone ikhona endaweni ezungezile, uchungechunge lokusabela kwe-oxidation nalo luyayengelwa, lwakha ama-hydroperoxides (ROOH) futhi luqhubeke nokubola lube amaqembu e-carbonyl.
Uma i-ion yensimbi eyinsalela ye-catalyst ikhona ku-polymer, noma uma ama-ion ensimbi afana nethusi, insimbi, i-manganese ne-cobalt ilethwa ngesikhathi sokucubungula noma ukusetshenziswa, ukusabela kokuwohloka kwe-oxidative kwe-polymer kuzosheshisa.
D. Indlela eyinhloko yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokulwa nokuguga
Njengamanje, kunezindlela ezine eziyinhloko zokuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokulwa nokuguga kwezinto ze-polymer kanje.
01 Ukuvikelwa ngokomzimba (ukuqina, ukudweba, ungqimba lwangaphandle, njll.)
Ukuguga kwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-polymer, ikakhulukazi ukuguga kwe-photo-oxidative, kuqala kusuka ebusweni bezinto noma imikhiqizo, ebonakala njengokuguquguquka, ukucwiliswa, ukuqhekeka, ukwehla kwe-gloss, njll., bese kancane kancane kujula ngaphakathi. Imikhiqizo emincane kungenzeka ukuthi yehluleke ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunemikhiqizo ewugqinsi, ngakho-ke impilo yesevisi yemikhiqizo inganwetshwa ngokujiya imikhiqizo.
Ngemikhiqizo ejwayele ukuguga, ungqimba lwe-coating olumelana nesimo sezulu lungasetshenziswa noma lugcotshwe phezulu, noma ungqimba lwezinto ezimelana nesimo sezulu zingahlanganiswa oqweqweni lwangaphandle lwemikhiqizo, ukuze kuhlanganiswe ungqimba oluvikelayo. ubuso bemikhiqizo ukunciphisa inqubo yokuguga.
02 Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokucubungula
Izinto eziningi ku-synthesis noma inqubo yokulungiselela, kubuye kube nenkinga yokuguga. Isibonelo, umthelela wokushisa ngesikhathi se-polymerization, ukuguga kwe-thermal nomoya-mpilo ngesikhathi sokucubungula, njll. Bese ngokufanele, umthelela komoyampilo ungancishiswa ngokungeza idivayisi enciphisa amandla noma idivayisi ye-vacuum ngesikhathi se-polymerization noma ukucubungula.
Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ingaqinisekisa kuphela ukusebenza kwempahla efektri, futhi le ndlela ingasetshenziswa kuphela emthonjeni wokulungiswa kwezinto, futhi ayikwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yayo yokuguga ngesikhathi sokucubungula nokusebenzisa.
03 Ukuklanywa kwesakhiwo noma ukuguqulwa kwezinto
Izinto eziningi ze-macromolecule zinamaqembu asebekhulile esakhiweni samangqamuzana, ngakho-ke ngokuklanywa kwesakhiwo se-molecular of the material, esikhundleni samaqembu asebekhulile namaqembu angagugi ngokuvamile angadlala umphumela omuhle.
04 Ukwengeza izithasiselo zokulwa nokuguga
Njengamanje, indlela ephumelelayo kanye nendlela evamile yokuthuthukisa ukumelana nokuguga kwezinto ze-polymer ukwengeza izithasiselo zokulwa nokuguga, ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi futhi asikho isidingo sokushintsha inqubo yokukhiqiza ekhona. Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwengeza lezi zithako zokulwa nokuguga.
Izithasiselo ezilwa nokuguga (impuphu noma uketshezi) kanye ne-resin nezinye izinto ezingavuthiwe zixutshwe ngokuqondile futhi zixutshwe ngemva kwe-extrusion granulation noma ukubumba umjovo, njll. Lena yindlela elula futhi elula yokwengeza, esetshenziswa kabanzi iningi le-pelletizing kanye izitshalo zokubumba umjovo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-26-2022